wang's sky

希腊神话故事主要人物介绍

2009-03-09T06:11:00.000-07:00

希腊神话是欧洲最早的人民口头创作，大约产生在公元前十二世纪到公元前八世纪之间。它历经古希腊人数百年口口相传，代代相承，不断地艺术加工，在以后的各种文学、历史、哲学著作中保存下来。

希腊神话包括神的故事和英雄传说两个部分。神的故事涉及宇宙和人类的起源、神的产生及其谱系等内容。相传古希腊有奥林匹斯十二大神：众神之主宙斯，天后赫拉，海王波塞冬，智慧女神雅典娜，射术神及光明神阿波罗，狩猎女神与月神阿尔忒弥斯，爱与美之神阿弗罗狄忒，战神阿瑞斯，火神与工匠神赫淮斯托斯，神使赫尔墨斯，农神德墨忒尔，灶神赫斯提亚。他们掌管自然和生活的各种现象与事物，组成以宙斯为中心的奥林匹斯神统和生活的各种现象与事物，组成以宙斯为中心的奥林普斯神统体系。

英雄传说起源于对祖先的崇拜，它是古希腊人对远古历史和对换自然界斗争的一种艺术回顾。这类传说中的主人公大都是神与人的后代，半神半人的英雄。他们体力过人，英勇非凡，体现了人类征服自然的豪迈气概和顽强意志，成为古代人民集体力量和智慧的化身。最著名的传说有赫拉克勒斯的十二件大功，伊阿宋取金羊毛等。

希腊神话中的神与人同形同性，既有人的体态美，也有人的七情六欲，懂得喜怒哀乐，参与人的活动。神与人的区别仅仅在于前者永生，无死亡期；后者生命有限，有生老病死。希腊神话中的神个性鲜明，没有禁欲主义因素，也很少有神秘主义色彩。因此，希腊神话不仅是希腊文学的土壤，而且对后来的欧洲文学有着深远的影响。

下面介绍主要人物：（希腊神话人物众多，至少几万位）

在希腊神话中，一切皆从混沌(Chaos)开始。。。
卡俄斯（Khaos／Chaos，）：混沌之神。宇宙之初，只有卡俄斯，他是一个无边无际、一无所有的空间。随后诞生了地母神盖亚（Gaia）、地狱深渊神塔耳塔洛斯（Tartarus）、黑暗神俄瑞波斯（Erebus）、黑夜女神尼克斯（Nyx）和爱神厄洛斯（Eros）世界由此开始
该亚(Gaia)：大地女神，卡俄斯之女。大地的本体，她诞生了天空乌拉诺斯（Ouranos）、海洋蓬托斯（Pontus）和山脉乌瑞亚（Ourea）等。接着她又和她两位儿子生了许多神。和乌拉诺斯生了提坦（Titans）分别代表了世界最初的些事物（曰、月、天、时间、正义、记忆等）和蓬托斯生了五个孩子分别代表了不同的海。她算得上是众神之母（是奥林匹斯神的始祖）。
塔耳塔洛斯（Tartarus)：地狱深渊神，卡俄斯之子。五大创世神之一，可以说是地狱冥土的创造者，深渊的本体。他出生在大地盖亚之后，在该亚的下面，后来和该亚生了该亚最小儿子的就是怪物提丰（Typhon）。他是一个无形的深渊，位于世界的最底端，此后他是关押妖魔怪物和一些神坻的地方。宙斯就把一些提坦神关押在塔耳塔洛斯
厄瑞波斯（Erebus）：黑暗神，卡俄斯之子。五大创世神之一，塔耳塔洛斯诞生后，在塔耳塔洛斯之处以上（地下/该亚之下）诞生。黑暗的化身与本体，位于大地（该亚）与冥土之间。他和她妹妹黑夜女神尼克斯(Nyx）生了三位古老的神坻，他们是：太空之神埃忒耳 (Aether)、白昼之神赫莫拉 (Hemera)和冥河的渡神卡戎（Charon）。
尼克斯（Nyx）：黑夜女神，卡俄斯之女。五大创世神之一，厄瑞波斯诞生后在大地（该亚）之上诞生。黑夜的化身和本体，她是一位古老而强大的神坻，她不但同他哥哥生了三个孩子外还独自一人生了一大批神
厄洛斯（Eros）：或称爱洛斯。爱神，卡俄斯之子。五大创世神之一，诞生在黑暗和黑夜之后。爱欲、生育及性欲的化身。是他促生了诸神的生育相爱，他是一切爱欲的化身（包括同姓、异性）
乌拉诺斯(Uranus)：天之神。盖亚的长子和丈夫，第一任神王。被他儿子推翻。
蓬托斯（Pontus）：海神，盖亚之子和情人，最早的海神。
乌瑞亚（Ourea）：山神，盖亚诸子。
克洛诺斯(Cronus)：盖亚与乌拉诺斯的十二个提坦神儿女中最年幼者。天、空间神，推翻父神而成为第二任神王。。
瑞亚(Rhea)：十二坦之一，时光女神。克洛诺斯的妻子第二任神后。
俄刻阿诺斯(Oceanus)：十二提坦之一，大洋河流之神。生育了地球上所有的河流及三千海洋女神。
泰西斯(Tethys)：十二提坦之一，沧海女神；俄刻阿诺斯之妻。
许配利翁(Hyperion)：十二提坦之一，光明太阳之神。太阳，月亮和黎明之父。
提亚(Thea)：十二提坦之一，宝物、光及视力女神；许配利翁之妻。

激励你一生的36句话

2007-11-08T19:04:00.000-08:00

1、有识有胆，有胆有识，知识与胆量是互相促进的。
　　2、体育锻炼可以（有时可以迅速）使人乐观（科学实验证明）。
　　3、勤奋，机会，乐观是成功的三要素。（注意：传统观念认为勤奋和机会是成功的要素，但是经过统计学和成功人士的分析得出，乐观是成功的第三要素）
　　4、自信是人格的核心。
　　5、获得的成功越大，就越令人高兴。（野心是使人勤奋的原因，节制使人枯萎）
　　6、热爱你所拥有的。——列夫·托尔斯泰
　　7、（一般情况下）不想三年以后的事，只想现在的事（现在有成就，以后才能更辉煌）
　　8、把问题看宽广些，没有解决不了的事。（真理路广，人欲路窄；当然不要超越时代去想现在任何人都解决不了的事）
　　9、不问收获，只问耕耘。（如同种树，先有根茎，再有枝叶，尔后花实，好好劳动，不要想太多，那样只会使人胆小、懒惰）
　　10、忍耐和信仰
　　11、有恒则断无不成之事。
　　12、智慧之泉必须畅饮才能使人清醒。
　　13、生活的乐趣的大小取决于我们对生活的关心程度。
　　14、中年以前不要怕，中年以后不要悔。
　　15、机遇对于有准备的头脑有特别的亲和力。
　　16、守业最好的办法就是不断的发展
　　17、心急吃不了热汤圆
　　18、必死则生，幸生则死——《吴子兵法》（武经典籍中仅次于《孙子兵法》）
　　19、要改变命运，首先改变自己
　　20、走自己的路，让别人说去吧！
　　21、学习的关键——重复
　　22、只为成功找方法，不为失败找借口（蹩脚的工人总是说工具不好）
　　23、困难就是机遇——温斯顿·丘吉尔
　　24、我奋斗，所以我快乐——格林斯潘（挽救东南亚金融危机的人，我的偶像）
　　25、好奇者，知识之门
　　26、生气是用别人的错误惩罚自己。——康德（这个哲学家让人眉开眼笑）
　　27、失去金钱的人损失甚少，失去健康的人损失极多，失去勇气的人损失一切。
　　28、只要下定决心克服恐惧，便几乎能克服任何恐惧。因为，请记住，除了在脑海中，恐惧无处藏身。——戴尔·卡耐基
　　29、害怕时，把心思放在必须做的事情上，如果曾经彻底准备，便不会害怕。——戴尔·卡耐基
　　30、“不可能”这个字（法语是一个字），只在愚人的字典中找得到。——拿破仑
　　31、去做你害怕的事，害怕自然就会消失。——罗夫·华多·爱默生
　　32、这世上的一切都借希望而完成。农夫不会播下一粒玉米，如果他不曾希望它长成种籽；单身汉不会娶妻，如果他不曾希望有小孩；商人或手艺人不会工作，如果他不曾希望因此而有收益。——马丁·路德
　　33、目标的坚定是性格中最必要的力量泉源之一，也是成功的利器之一。没有它，天才也会在矛盾无定的迷径中，徒劳无功。——查士德斐尔爵士
　　34、要冒一次险！整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意去做，并愿意去冒险的
人。“稳妥”之船，从未能从岸边走远。——戴尔·卡耐基
　　35、当一个青年人站起来面对这个大莽汉——这个世界——并勇敢地抓住他的胡须时，常会吃惊地发现，胡须脱落在他手上，原来它只是系上去吓唬胆怯的冒险者的。——罗夫·华多·爱默生
　　36、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之首，因为这种德性保证了所有其余的德性。——温斯顿·丘吉尔

Ginseng Extract (Asian, Chinese, Korean (Panax ginseng),

2007-11-07T00:38:00.000-08:00

Ginseng Extract (Asian, Chinese, Korean (Panax ginseng), American ( P.quinquefolius)

General Description: A shrub 3-4 feet tall with spiny shoots and grey or brownish bark. Grows in Asia and is considered the strongest. American ginseng is milder and less stimulating. It grows form Canada to Georgia and takes 6 years to produce a marketable root.

Part Used: Root and leaves

Uses:
improves concentration
stamina
combat fatigue, thus improves energy
stress relief
improve LDL & HDL levels
raise and lower BP
hot flashes
night sweats
mood swings
headaches
palpitations
prevent platelet aggregation
improve immune system
stress incontinence

Action: Main components are ginsenosides or panaxosises. They produce CNS depression or CNS stimulation. There are complex chemical components in the root, and thus they produce opposing effects.

Dosage:
100-300 mg/day/divided
Dried roots: - 2-4 grams
Tincture (1:5) - 10-20 ml.

Precaution/Adverse Effects: Can produce diarrhea, sleep disturbance, headache, hypertension, skin rash, increase bleeding in postmenopausal women, and can cause a decreased diuretic effect.
Since ginseng is highly notable for being mislabeled, it is not known whether ginseng itself or its contaminants is the cause for adverse effects.

Drug Interactions: Warfarin
Insulin
Phenelzine (MAOIs)
Caffeine
Digitalis toxicity
Guarana
Hormone therapy

Contraindication: Do not use concurrently with caffeine, estrogen-dependent malignancies (Breast cancer), menses, acute illness, hypertension, schizophrenia and mania. Pregnancy, lactating, and children. (no studies)

Nursing Considerations:
Most important is that there are various forms of ginseng. Depending on the components of ginseng root, the effects will be different. Also, ginseng is frequently adulterated or mislabeled and varying constitutions of the product has been found.
Caffeine and ephedrine had sometimes been added, as well as Phenylbutazone or aminopyrine.
Warn patients that ginseng and warfarin may both increase or decrease coagulations. Monitor clotting times routinely.
Ginseng causes hypoglycemia and diabetics blood sugar levels must be monitored.
Over the 400 studies that have been done on ginseng, some provide unreliable results and have inadequate study design and control.
Approximately 6 million American use ginseng regularly.

Hawthorn berry Extract(Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.)

2007-11-07T00:36:00.000-08:00

Hawthorn berry Extract(Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.)

Flavnones 2% by UV

General Description: Spiny tree, may grow 15-18 ft. tall, producing white flowers from April to June with red fruit.

Part Used: leaves and fruit.

Uses:
increase coronary circulation by dilating coronary vessels
hypotension
reduces inflammation and pain in arthritis
mild diuretic
astringent

Action: Contain active pigments called flavonoids that inhibit vasoconstriction and dilate blood vessels. They also cause sedative effects, depressing the CNS.
Dosage: Berries - 3-5 gms, as infusion
Tincture - (1:5) 4-5 ml
Fluid extract (1:1) - 1-2 ml.
Powder - 200-500 mg 3/times/day

Precautions/Adverse Effects: Use cautiously in hypertensive patients. Rare, however can produce sleeplessness, dizziness, headache, palpitation, and nausea.
Interactions with Drugs: Do not use with: coronary vasodilators, cardiovascular drugs, CNS depressants and digoxin.

Contraindications : with use of other concomitant use of herbs containing cardiac glycosides, like hemp roots, hedge mustard, motherwort, etc. Also those herbs containing cardioactive products like ginger, ginseng, devil's claw, etc. Contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential uterine activity.

Nursing Considerations:
Warn patients that it could take up to 2 weeks to acquired an observable effect.
Because hawthorn potentates the action of cardiac glycosides, patients should not use concurrently unless under medical supervision.
Do not self-medicate until further studies have been done to prove effective in treating and preventing atherosclerosis.
Heart disease should be diagnosed and monitored by a health care provider.
Hawthorn offers some advantages over digoxin in mild heart failure because it has a wider therapeutic range, lower risk of dosage errors, less arrhythmogenic potential, and less renal impairment. However, more research is warranted.

Nettle Extract (Urtical dioica L.)

2007-11-07T00:34:00.000-08:00

Nettle Extract (Urtical dioica L.)

Silica 1% by UV
β- Sitosterol 0.8% by GC

General Description: A perennial that is native to Europe, but is naturalized throughout the United States and Canada.

Part Used: roots and Whole herb

Uses:
treatment of BPH
diuretic
wound healing
cancer
eczema
rheumatism
allergic rhinitis & cough

Action: It contains steroidal and phenolic substances.
Dosage: Adult daily dose of root for BPH is 4-6g
Tea- 4g herb in hot water 3-4x daily
Capsules of 150-300 mg for allergic rhinitis
Tincture - 1/4 to 1 teaspoon up to twice a day

Precautions/Adverse Effects: Can cause topical irritation following direct contact with exposed skin. Rare gastrointestinal disturbances, oliguria and edema.
Contraindications: Cardiac and renal disease. Pregnancy/Lactating women. Also use cautiously in older adults over the age of 65.

Nursing Considerations:
Tell patients with diabetes do not use nettle, it causes poor glycemic control.
It does not produce enough diuresis to reduce the edema associated with heart failure or to reduce blood pressure.
Eat foods high in potassium, such as bananas, and fresh vegetables.
If nettle is rubbed against the skin, can cause burning for up to 12 hours, wash with soap and water

St. John's Wort Extract (Hypericum perforatum)

2007-11-07T00:32:00.000-08:00

St. John's Wort Extract (Hypericum perforatum)

Hypericins 0.3% by UV

General Description: A shrubby perennial plant with yellow flowers, native to Europe but now grows in many parts of the world.

Parts Used: Flower

Uses:
mild to moderate depression (not major)
2nd & 3rd degree burns
AIDS (inhibiting the spread)
anti-viral against herpes 1& 2
antibacterial against gram positive and negative
pain associated with arthritis and sciatica
mood swings
insomnia
MS, fibromyalgia and neuromuscular inflammations

Action: Active ingredient is hypericin. Acts as a SSRI, keeps serotonin active in the brain. Suppresses interleukin 6, releasing affecting mood through neurohormonal pathways. Also produces, antiviral, anti-inflammatory anti-microbial and astringent properties.
Dosage: 300mg 3 times/day with meals, no more than 8 weeks.
Tincture: 1:2, 2-4 mls 3 times/day For wounds: use a tincture and cover with gauze or bandage.
Precautions/Adverse Effects: Photoxicity, headache, nervousness, fatigue, restlessness, mania and SSRI syndrome
Interactions with other Drugs: Antidepressants (SSRIs, tricyclics, MAOI's), Caffeine, Theophylline, concurrent use of antibiotics, Dopamine agonists, OTC cough and cold remedies, sleep aids, AIDS medicine - Indinavir by decreasing the effectiveness.
Interactions with other herbs: yohimbe, feverfew, ma haung, ginseng.
Contraindications: Fair skin with sun exposure, severe depression, mania, seizures, migraines, and Pregnancy/Lactation/Children.

Nursing Considerations:
Individuals should consult a health care provider to be evaluated for depression.
Wear sunscreen due to phototoxicity.
Do not use OTC medications with alcohol and St. John's Wort.
Do not use prior to surgery.

Current Research: In 1998, the National Institutes of Health began a 3-year study to investigate the efficacy of St. John's wort for the treatment of major depressive disorders. This study compares the extract of St. John's wort with a SSRI and placebo. In 1999, another study was started. This study is currently recruiting patients. It is entitled "Drug Interaction Study of Tegretol (Carbamazepine) and St John's Wort in Normal Volunteers".

Echinacea Purpurea Extract (Echinacea Purpurea L.)

2007-11-07T00:26:00.000-08:00

Echinacea Purpurea Extract (Echinacea Purpurea L.)

Cichoric Acid 4% BY HPLC

Polyphenols 4% BY UV

General Description: Perennial herb of the daisy family.

Part Used: aerial portion and root

Uses:
treat infections
common cold
wound healing
may increase WBC’s in persons undergoing chemotherapy
eczema
burns
lower urinary tract infection.

Action: Immunomodulators (positive and negative clinical trials). Cytotoxic activity against tumor cells, antioxidant, stimulates bone marrow macrophages, and WBC production. Mild antibacterial properties. Little of no effect on normal immune response in healthy patients.
Dosage: 6-9 mls of juice
2-5 g of dried root used for no more than 6-8 weeks.
Precautions: Minimal side effects have been reported. Can produce nausea. May cause liver toxicity with other liver toxic drugs

Contraindications: Immunosusppressed patients, infectious or autoimmune diseases; Lupus, HIV, TB. Also, diabetics and those who have allergies to the daisy family of plants. Safety during pregnancy has not been studied.

Nursing Considerations:
Instruct patients not to use more than 6-8 weeks
Any form of Echinacea, dried roots, freeze-dried plants can be effective
Do not use concurrently with antibiotics

Black Cohosh Extract (Cimicifuga Racemosa)

2007-11-07T00:20:00.000-08:00

Black Cohosh Extract (Cimicifuga Racemosa)

Triterpene Glycoside 2.5% HPLC

General Description: A member of the buttercup family, producing small white flowers.

Part Used: Rhizome

Uses:
stress incontinence
excessive menstrual bleeding
hot flashes
depression
irritability
fatigue
headaches
vaginal dryness
antipyretic
painful menstruation
muscle spasms
arthritis
general pain
anti-inflammatory

Action: Suppressing luteinizing hormone, anti-inflammatory and mimetics estrogen.

Dosage:
Tincture 10-60 drops/day
Powdered root or tea: 1-2 grams
40-200 mg daily, use no more than 6 months

Precautions/Adverse Reactions: Hypertension, increased bleeding during menopause, headaches and rare stomach upset.

Contraindications: Do not use in pregnancy during 1st two trimesters. Do not give to children May or may not be safe with use of estrogen, more research is needed. No adverse reactions have been reported. The German Commission E does not contraindicate its use during lactation.
Nursing Considerations:
Black cohosh can potentate antihypertensive drugs thus increasing hypotension if both are used.
If women are on estrogen replacement, black cohosh may interfere with replacement therapy.
Maximum effect may take up to 4 weeks.
Black cohash is sometimes used by herbalist with blue cohash.
A recent report sites after the use of black and blue cohash together, a baby was born with asphyxia, leading to brain damage. The German Commission E recommends that black cohosh only be used for 6 months, until further testing.

Astragalus Extract (Astragalus membranaceus)

2007-11-07T00:18:00.001-08:00

Astragalus Extract (Astragalus membranaceus)

Polysaccharides 40% UV & Astragalosides0.3% HPLC
分子式：C41H68O14
分子量：784
CAS：84687-43-4

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) has been used to promote the discharge of urine, lower blood pressure, and increase endurance. Traditional uses include the treatment of the following: Anemia Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Common Cold Diarrhea Fibromyalgia Gastritis Hepatitis, Viral Influenza Peptic Ulcer

Angelica Root Extract （Angelica sinensis）

2007-11-07T00:14:00.000-08:00

Angelica Root Extract （Angelica sinensis）

Ligustilide 1% HPLC
CAS#： 8015-64-3

General Description: An aromatic root used in Oriental Medicine. It is considered in Chinese medicine as the yin. Most all-purpose herb for women.

Part Used: Root and rhizomes

Uses:
hot flashes
high blood pressure
emotional discord
GI upset

Action: Produces antispasmodic effects, vasodilation, pain relief, anti-inflammatory, relaxes smooth muscle and estrogen effects ( some studies refute).

Dosage:
Tincture of fresh or dried roots, 10-40 drops, 1-3/day
Dried roots as infusion up to 250ml/day
Precautions/Adverse Reactions: Can be photosensitizing . May experience a laxative effect or bloating. Can cause breast tenderness.

Contraindications: Do not use in pregnancy or during lactation. The essential oil contains safrole that is carcinogenic in animals and has been banned by the FDA.

Nursing Considerations:
Do not use with Coumadin.
Watch for bleeding and fever.
Limit sun exposure due to photosensitizing properties
Use cautiously with ASA.

Alfalfa Extract(Medicago sativa L.)

2007-11-06T22:32:00.001-08:00

Alfalfa Extract(Medicago sativa L.)
Extract ratio: 5：1
Saponins≥5% UV;
Flavones≥5% UV

Properties/Actions:Tonic, Antifungal, Laxative, Diuretic, Detoxifier, Anti-inflammatory, Febrifuge, Hepatoprotective, Digestive, Nutritive, Anodyne, Anti-Arthritic

Cinnamon Bark Extract ( Cinnamomum cassia Presl)

2007-11-06T22:17:00.000-08:00

Cinnamon Bark Extract( Cinnamomum cassia Presl )
1．Flavnones 20% UV
2．Polyphenols 20% UV
3. Polyphenols 5% ( Water-soluble,in Beverages )，coumarin nmt 800ppm
4. MHCP 2% HPLC

Cinnamon Bark Extract is extracted with water, evidence based effective ingredient for type 2 diabetesa. Supporting healthy glucose managementb. Helping optimize healthy cholesterol levelsc. Bolsters healthy blood pressure

Horse chestnut Extract (Aesculus hippocastanum L.),Aescin 20% By UV

2007-11-06T19:55:00.000-08:00

Horse chestnut Extract
(Aesculus hippocastanum L.)
Aescin 20% By UV

Horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE) is widely used in Europe for chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), a syndrome that may include leg swelling, varicose veins, leg pain, itching, and skin ulcers. Although HCSE is traditionally recommended for a variety of medical conditions, CVI is the only condition for which there is strong supportive scientific evidence.

General Description: The seeds from Aesculus hippocastanum, a member of the Hippocastanaceae family, are used to formulate horse chestnut extract. The bark of young branches should be used. Older bark is poisonous.

Part Used: Seeds

Uses:
chronic venous insufficiency including pain, swelling and cramps
arthritis
hemorrhoids
diarrhea

Action: The active ingredient is aescin that reduces edema. They also have anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidant properties.
Dosage: 100-150 mg P.O. daily of aescin component in one or two divided doses has been clinically tested.

Precautions/Adverse Effects: Ingestion of whole seed can be toxic. Has produced anaphylaxis and allergic responses. GI upset, twitching, weakness and dilated pupils.

Interactions with other Drugs: Anticoagulants, aspirin: increases the risk of bleeding.

Contraindications: Pregnancy/Lactation/Children. Bleeding disorders and GI conditions.

Nursing Considerations:
Tell patients it will not cure varicose veins.
Warn patients of the difference of whole horse chestnut seed – toxic and classified unsafe by the FDA. Horse chestnut seed extract has the toxic constituents removed.
Sweet chest nut is used for cooking, not the same as horse chestnut seed.
Venastat is an OTC that became available in 1998 for maintenance of leg health. It does not contain the toxic component, aesculin. It increases venous blood flow and may enhance venous tone.
Monitor liver function tests and yellowing of skin or eyes.
Warn patients that their urine may be red.
Instruct patients to report unusual bleeding, fatigue, or fever.
Tell patients to not use with OTC medications that may contain aspirin.